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Kansas Ancillary Probate
Support GuideKansas33 min read

Kansas Ancillary Probate

Kansas runs no ancillary probate. K.S.A. 59-804 makes a nonresident owner's Kansas property an original case here.

By Settled Editorial

Kansas does not run an ancillary probate, and the statute says so in as many words. K.S.A. 59-804 makes any Kansas proceeding over the property of a nonresident decedent an original proceeding under the authority of Kansas solely, independent of and not ancillary to the case in the home state, conducted as if the decedent had been a Kansas resident.

That one sentence reshapes the work. The Kansas file is a Kansas case with its own venue, its own hearing and its own decree, not an appendix to the file back home. This page covers where the case goes, which state's law decides who inherits, how a will already probated elsewhere gets in, the six-month rule that reaches an out-of-state family and the one that does not, who may serve and the agent rule that changed in April 2026, and the routes that end the matter without a full administration. Every rule below was read on September 8, 2026 in the Kansas Office of Revisor of Statutes' published text, and every section was then checked against the Kansas Secretary of State's 2026 amended and repealed index, because a second copy of the same statute page cannot tell you whether the text has gone stale. This page describes Kansas law rather than advising on one estate, so confirm the steps with the district court in the county where the property sits, or with a licensed Kansas attorney.

The Kansas questionThe Kansas answerStatute
Is this an ancillary case?No. It is an original, independent Kansas proceedingK.S.A. 59-804
Which court?The district court of any county where the decedent left Kansas propertyK.S.A. 59-2203, 59-805
Who inherits the Kansas land intestate?Kansas heirs, under Kansas intestacyK.S.A. 59-806(b)
Who inherits the personal property intestate?The heirs named by the law of the decedent's home stateK.S.A. 59-806(b)
Can the out-of-state will be used?Yes, once admitted here on an authenticated copyK.S.A. 59-616, 59-2229, 59-2230
Does the 6-month will deadline apply?No. K.S.A. 59-617 reaches residents onlyK.S.A. 59-617
What does run at 6 months?A good-faith purchaser's title stops being defeasibleK.S.A. 59-803, 59-2229
Is the small estates affidavit available?No. It opens "when a resident of the state dies"K.S.A. 59-1507b

The Word Ancillary Is a Habit, Not the Law

Most states treat the second filing as a satellite of the first. Kansas rebuilt that idea in 1967 and never went back. K.S.A. 59-804 covers property, tangible or intangible, of a nonresident decedent within the jurisdiction of Kansas, and calls the Kansas proceeding an original proceeding conducted under the authority of this state solely. The phrase that follows is the operative one: independent of and not ancillary to proceedings or procedures in any other state or country.

K.S.A. 59-806 then supplies the substance. Kansas law on proceedings, procedures and substantive rights relating to a nonresident decedent's Kansas property applies as if the decedent had been a Kansas resident, including the commencement and conduct of an administration, distributions during or at the end of it, and any trust created under the nonresident's will. Six carve-outs follow in subsection (a), and they are worth reading before you assume Kansas answers everything: methods of proving foreign wills, a surviving spouse's election against the will and the method of electing, the effect of divorce or the birth of a child on revocation, the effect of a will contest in another jurisdiction, the law that decides whether the will was validly executed, and the ultimate burden of estate or inheritance taxes.

What the Kansas representative holds is set out in K.S.A. 59-808. The personal representative of a nonresident decedent appointed by a Kansas court is entitled to possession of all real and personal property of the decedent within Kansas and to all the rights the decedent had in it. The representative marshals the personal property, pays the taxes, collects the rents and earnings until the estate is settled, keeps the buildings and fixtures in tenantable repair, and may insure them. One clause in 59-808(b) settles a fight that used to eat months: issuers and transfer agents of stocks, securities and similar instruments are barred from obstructing that possession, and they may not demand another state's estate tax waiver, inheritance tax waiver, or any other permission as a condition of paying money or reissuing certificates.

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Which County, and What the Clerk Charges

Venue follows the property. K.S.A. 59-2203 opens with a resident decedent, sending the case to the county of residence when the decedent owned an interest in real property there, and to the residence county or any county holding the decedent's real property when the decedent did not. Then it turns to everyone else in one clause: if the decedent was not a resident of Kansas, proceedings may be had in any county where the decedent left any estate to be administered as provided in K.S.A. 59-805. Section 59-805(a) is the jurisdictional half: Kansas courts have jurisdiction over all tangible and intangible property of a nonresident decedent having a situs in Kansas, and for that purpose the situs of debts, rights and choses in action embodied in instruments such as stock certificates, bonds, negotiable instruments and insurance policies payable to an estate is wherever the instrument is located. The situs of other debts is where the debtor is found.

Subsection (b) of 59-805 opens a Kansas case from the other direction, and out-of-state families are usually surprised by it. Someone injured by a nonresident's tortious conduct in Kansas may petition a Kansas district court to appoint an administrator for that nonresident's estate, on three conditions read together: the nonresident is dead, an insurer is wholly or partly liable for the conduct under coverage obtained on the nonresident's behalf, and either no administration has started in the home state or the home state's claim deadlines would bar the injured person sooner than the Kansas statute of limitations would. So a Kansas estate can be opened for a decedent whose family never intended to file anything here, and the first the family hears of it may be the notice.

Two practical rules ride along in 59-2203. Proceedings first legally commenced extend to all of the decedent's property in Kansas, so one county's file reaches land in another. And if someone opens a second file in a second county, everything except the first is stayed until venue is determined, after which the district court transmits the entire file to the proper county. Start in the county the family will actually deal with. The Kansas district court directory says which court that is.

K.S.A. 59-2204 starts the case: a probate proceeding is commenced by filing a petition and causing it to be set for hearing, and K.S.A. 59-2202 lists what every petition states, including the jurisdictional facts. The docket fee is fixed by statute, not by the county, and an out-of-state family is usually choosing between two of its lines. K.S.A. 59-104(a)(1) prices a probate of an estate or of a will at $109.50, which is the line for opening a Kansas administration, and prices decrees in probate from another state at $173.00, which is the line when what you are filing is the home state's authenticated record. The same table sets a determination of descent of property at $49.50, a refusal to grant letters of administration at $48.50, and filing a will and affidavit under K.S.A. 59-618a at $48.50. Ask the clerk which line your filing sits on before you write the check, because the two headline figures differ by $63.50 and the clerk decides which one applies.

Then add up to $22. K.S.A. 59-104(a)(2), as amended by 2026 Kan. Sess. Laws ch. 35, section 16, lets the supreme court impose an additional charge of not more than $22 per docket fee to fund non-judicial personnel from July 1, 2026 through June 30, 2030. The statute says may, so a clerk's own published table is how you confirm it locally, and the tables show it being charged. Stevens County lists every probate line at the statutory base plus exactly $22: probate estates $131.50, probate descent $71.50, refusal to grant letters $70.50, and a line named Probate Transcript (another state) at $195.00, which is the $173.00 statutory figure plus the charge. That page asks filers to call and confirm the amounts, which is good advice for any county. Everything beyond the docket fee, including publication, appraisers, service outside the state and attorney fees, is taxed as additional court costs under 59-104(d).

Read the docket fee at the revisor's own website and you will hit the staleness this page had to work around. The posted text of 59-104(a)(2) still runs the $22 authority "on and after July 1, 2019, through June 30, 2025," a window that closed before this page was written. The 2026 act that moved it to 2026 through 2030 is published by the Secretary of State, not yet folded into the revisor's copy. Two Kansas sections behind this page sit in that gap, and the Secretary of State's 2026 amended and repealed index names both: 59-104, amended by chapter 35, and 59-1706, amended by chapter 89. No other section cited on this page was touched in the 2026 session.

Getting the Other State's Will Into Kansas

A will that has already cleared a courthouse in Missouri or Colorado still has to be admitted here before it moves a Kansas acre. K.S.A. 59-616 is one sentence with no exceptions in it: no will is effectual to pass real or personal property unless it has been duly admitted to probate.

K.S.A. 59-2229 is the door. When a copy of a will executed outside Kansas and of its probate, duly authenticated, is presented by the executor or any other interested person with a petition for probate, the court fixes the time and place of hearing and directs the notice. K.S.A. 59-2230(a) sets the test the court applies. If it appears that the will of a resident or nonresident has been proved and admitted to probate outside Kansas, and that it was executed according to the law of the place where it was made, or of the place where the testator resided at the time of execution or at death, or in conformity with Kansas law, it is admitted with the same force and effect as an original probate. Three alternative bodies of law satisfy that test, which is why an out-of-state will rarely fails on form. What the Kansas rules ask of a will made here is covered in the Kansas will requirements guide.

K.S.A. 59-806(a)(1) adds a second, shorter path and a consequence people miss. Authenticated copies of wills proved outside Kansas, relative to any Kansas property, may be admitted to probate and record in the district court of any county where any part of that property is situated, and once admitted and recorded they carry the same validity as wills proved in Kansas. The clause at the end of that sentence is the one to notice: upon admission to probate, the court shall determine whether administration in Kansas is necessary. Admitting the will and administering the estate are two separate decisions, and the second one can come back no.

One more section closes the loop in the rare case where the home state undoes its own work. K.S.A. 59-2231 lets an authenticated copy of a final decree setting the will aside be admitted to record in Kansas, in the same manner and with like notice, with the same force as a like order about a domestic will, unless the heirs, devisees and legatees have already been determined under K.S.A. 59-2249.

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The Six-Month Rule That Reaches You, and the One That Does Not

Search for a Kansas will deadline and you will find six months. Read the section and you will find it does not apply here. K.S.A. 59-617 bars a written will from passing property unless a petition for probate is filed within six months after death, and it opens by limiting itself to a testator who died while a resident of this state. K.S.A. 59-618, which makes someone who withholds a will liable for fees, costs and damages, is drafted the same way, reaching a testator dying a resident of this state.

What does run against an out-of-state family is a title rule, and it is quieter. K.S.A. 59-803 says the title of a good-faith purchaser, without knowledge of a will, to Kansas real estate derived from the heirs of a person not domiciled in Kansas at death is not defeated by producing the will unless a petition to probate that will is filed in Kansas within six months from the death. K.S.A. 59-2229 carries a parallel sentence for property derived from the fiduciary, heirs, devisees or legatees. Miss the window and the will still works, but not against whoever bought the ground in the meantime.

The creditor side has its own six-month rule, and that one does apply. Because 59-806 runs Kansas procedure as if the decedent were a resident, the K.S.A. 59-2239 bar applies to a nonresident's Kansas estate too, and it cuts off claims and liens unless a petition is on file within six months of death. The full walk through those windows is in the Kansas creditor claims guide, and the Kansas probate timeline sets the rest of the calendar.

Two States, Two Tables of Heirs

Where there is no will, K.S.A. 59-806(b) splits the estate along the line between land and everything else. Real estate in Kansas owned by an intestate decedent who was a nonresident at death passes by intestate succession in the same manner as though the decedent had been a Kansas resident at death. The personal property of that same decedent passes by the intestate succession law of the place of the decedent's residence at death. One family, one death, two statutes, and the two do not always produce the same list of takers. Who takes under the Kansas half is set out in the Kansas intestate succession guide.

For a decedent who left a will, the same subsection is generous about form. Real property in Kansas may be devised and personal property bequeathed by the last will if it was duly executed according to the laws of Kansas, of the state in which it was executed, or of the testator's state of residence.

Family protection follows a third rule, and 59-806(c) is doing more work here than it looks. It governs support and family allowances to surviving spouses and unmarried minor children by whichever is more liberal to them, the law of the decedent's domicile or the law of Kansas. That comparison is the only thing that puts a Kansas allowance on the table at all, because the Kansas allowance statute does not reach a nonresident on its own terms: K.S.A. 59-403 opens with the words when a resident of the state dies, then grants the surviving spouse the household goods, one automobile, a year of provisions, and a reasonable allowance of not more than $75,000. Read 59-403 by itself and an out-of-state family concludes Kansas offers them nothing. Read it through 59-806(c) and the answer is that the family gets the better of the two states' rules. The Kansas court making that allowance, and ruling on an application to refuse letters, takes into account any allowance made in another jurisdiction and satisfied out of property there, so a spouse does not collect the same protection twice.

Who May Serve, and the Agent Rule That Moved in 2026

K.S.A. 59-807 decides who holds the letters. Where the nonresident's will names one or more individuals or a qualified corporation as executor, letters testamentary are granted to the designees as in a resident estate. Where a designee has not applied in Kansas, any interested person may apply, and after reasonable notice to that designee and a hearing, if the designee is found unsuitable, incompetent or unqualified, or does not qualify within seven days after being found entitled, the court may issue letters testamentary with will annexed to someone else. Intestate, or testate with no letters testamentary granted, subsection (b) ranks the candidates: the spouse or the spouse's nominee who is an individual or a qualified corporation of this state, then one or more persons entitled to distribution whom the court believes will best manage and preserve the estate, or their nominee on the same terms. Subsection (c) is the release valve, letting the court appoint some other suitable person or a qualified Kansas corporation where nobody on the list fits. The job itself is described in the Kansas executor duties guide.

Then comes the requirement that trips up out-of-state families, and it changed this year. K.S.A. 59-1706 requires every nonresident appointed as a fiduciary in Kansas, before entering upon the duties of the trust, to appoint an agent in writing for service of notice and process, state the agent's correct address, include the agent's written acceptance, and file the writing in the district court where the appointment is made. Until this spring the agent had to reside in the county where the appointment was made, which meant finding somebody in a county the family may never have visited. 2026 Kan. Sess. Laws ch. 89, section 1, approved April 9, 2026 and published in the Kansas Register April 23, 2026, struck that phrase and now asks only for an agent residing in this state. The same section rewrote the sentence that follows, so service on the agent now carries the force of personal service on the fiduciary within this state rather than within such county and state. Both halves moved together, and both widen the same circle. The revisor's posted text of 59-1706 has not caught up and still prints the county wording, so a page or a form that repeats it is quoting law that was superseded in April.

Three neighboring sections round out what a foreign fiduciary can and cannot do without Kansas letters.

  • Mortgages and liens, K.S.A. 59-1707. On filing an authenticated copy of the fiduciary's letters or other record of authority in the district court of the proper county, with a certificate that they are still in force, a fiduciary appointed in another state or country may assign, extend, release, satisfy or foreclose any mortgage, judgment or lien belonging to the estate, or collect the debts secured by it.
  • Suits, K.S.A. 59-1708. A fiduciary duly appointed in another state or country may sue or be sued in any Kansas court in that capacity, in like manner and under like restrictions as a nonresident.
  • Corporate executors, K.S.A. 59-810 and 59-1701. Nothing in the nonresident-decedent act authorizes an out-of-state corporation to act as a fiduciary in Kansas except as K.S.A. 59-1701 permits. That section runs on reciprocity, admitting an out-of-state bank, savings and loan association or corporation only where its home state lets a similarly organized Kansas bank, association or corporation act in a like capacity under similar conditions. A home-state corporate executor is not automatically eligible here.
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When Kansas Decides No Administration Is Needed

The cheapest outcome is the one the statute invites the court to reach. K.S.A. 59-806(d) sets the distribute-as-if-a-resident rule aside where the court finds that hardship to a creditor would result, or that the best interests of everyone interested would be served by distributing to a foreign personal representative, or that administration is not necessary in Kansas at all. On the last finding the court may order the decedent's personal property distributed to the foreign personal representative, while the Kansas real property is assigned under the terms of the will, or, where the will does not reach it or there is no will, under Kansas law.

Two related sections deal with money that has not reached a court yet. K.S.A. 59-809 protects a payer: anyone holding intangible personal property of a nonresident decedent, on whom no demand has been made by a Kansas-authorized representative, may transfer or pay it to the foreign personal representative, or to whoever is otherwise entitled, at any time three months or more after letters were granted in the other jurisdiction, or three months or more after the death where no notice of such letters arrived. Doing so does not expose the payer to the decedent's debts. K.S.A. 59-808(c) points the other way and applies to the Kansas court: it may not order distribution of intangible personal property or its sale proceeds to a legatee, devisee or heir unless the estate and inheritance taxes another state has properly assessed or could assess on that property are paid, tendered or provided for, and the court says so in the order.

Insolvency has its own rule. Where the estate's liabilities in all jurisdictions exceed its assets everywhere, K.S.A. 59-806(e) directs the court to order distribution, as far as practicable, so that creditors here and elsewhere share in proportion to their claims, after applying Kansas preferences to the extent the court finds that equitable.

One shortcut is closed. The K.S.A. 59-1507b small estates affidavit begins with the words when a resident of the state dies, so it is unavailable for a nonresident decedent at any dollar figure, and it moves only personal property in any event. The Kansas routes that do reach a nonresident are compared in the Kansas small estate guide. What remains open is a discretionary refusal of letters under K.S.A. 59-2287(a)(2), where the real and personal estate does not exceed $75,000, the K.S.A. 59-403 allowances do not apply or are waived, and an interested person petitions on a bond of not less than the value of the estate, conditioned on paying the debts in order of preference and distributing the balance. The section adds that no creditor, heir or other person is deemed to have an interest after six months from the date of death. Read the allowance condition through 59-806(c) rather than through 59-403 alone, since 59-403 speaks only to a resident's estate and 59-806(c) is what decides whether a nonresident's family has an allowance to waive. Kansas expects the court to weigh that: 59-806(c) names an application to refuse letters as one of the two moments where the court counts allowances already paid elsewhere.

The Route for a Family That Waited

Kansas land often surfaces years late, in a title search or a lease offer. K.S.A. 59-2250 was built for that. Once a person has been dead more than six months and left property or an interest in property, anyone interested in the estate or claiming an interest in the property may petition the district court of the county of the decedent's residence, or of any county where the property is situated, to determine its descent under the intestate succession law or under a valid settlement agreement. A nonresident decedent has no Kansas county of residence, so it is the second branch that carries the filing, and the petition goes to the county holding the ground. Three conditions apply together: no will was filed under K.S.A. 59-618a within six months after death, no petition for probate of a will has been filed in Kansas, and no petition for administration has been filed here, or administration was had without a determination of descent.

K.S.A. 59-2251 finishes it. The court fixes a hearing, notice on a hearing that assigns title to real estate goes out under K.S.A. 59-2209 by publication once a week for three consecutive weeks plus mailing, and on proof the court enters a decree assigning the property to the persons entitled at the decedent's death under the intestate succession law that governed on the date of death, or under a valid settlement agreement. That date rule matters when the death is old, because the table the court applies is the one that was in force then, not today's. The docket fee is the $49.50 determination-of-descent line in K.S.A. 59-104(a)(1).

Where a full administration does run, K.S.A. 59-2249 produces the same result at final settlement. The decree names the heirs, devisees and legatees, describes the property, states each share, and binds all of the decedent's estate whether the proceedings described that property or not. When it includes real estate, the court transmits a certified copy to the county clerk, who enters it on the transfer record, which is what a title examiner will look for later. If the plan is to sell, read the Kansas guide to selling inherited property before the decree is drafted, because the decree is what the buyer's title company reads.

Planning So the Next Parcel Skips All of This

A Kansas owner with out-of-state children can take the whole proceeding off the table in one recording. A Kansas transfer-on-death deed under K.S.A. 59-3501 moves an interest in Kansas real estate at death without a probate case, and the other nonprobate tools are compared in the guide to avoiding Kansas probate. The general machinery this page borrows, and the routes a Kansas resident's estate can take, are covered in the Kansas probate guide.

When to Bring in a Kansas Attorney

Plenty of out-of-state families work a single parcel through a Kansas court with the clerk's help. Call a licensed Kansas probate attorney when:

  • the land is severed from the minerals, or a producing lease is paying suspended royalties, because the operator will want a decree describing the interest with precision
  • the home state's court appointed a bank or trust company, since K.S.A. 59-1701 reciprocity decides whether it may serve here at all
  • the will is being contested anywhere, because K.S.A. 59-806(a)(4) leaves the effect of that contest on Kansas validity outside the nonresident act
  • a good-faith buyer has already taken title from the heirs and the six months in K.S.A. 59-803 have run
  • the estate looks insolvent across two or more states, which puts K.S.A. 59-806(e) proportionate distribution in play

Frequently Asked Questions

Does Kansas have ancillary probate?

Not under that name, and the difference is written into the statute. K.S.A. 59-804 says administration proceedings in Kansas over the property of a nonresident decedent are original proceedings conducted under the authority of Kansas solely, and are independent of and not ancillary to proceedings in any other state or country. They are had and conducted in Kansas as if the decedent were a resident. So the Kansas filing is a Kansas case with its own petition, its own hearing and its own decree, rather than a rubber stamp on the home-state case. Lawyers and clerks still say ancillary in conversation, and the paperwork does lean on certified copies from the other state, but Kansas law never ranks the Kansas proceeding below the one back home.

Which Kansas county handles an out-of-state owner's property?

The county where the property is. K.S.A. 59-2203 routes a resident's case by residence and by where the resident owned real property, then says that if the decedent was not a resident of Kansas, proceedings may be had in any county where the decedent left any estate to be administered as provided in K.S.A. 59-805. Section 59-805(a) gives Kansas courts jurisdiction over all tangible and intangible property of a nonresident decedent having a situs in Kansas. If the land sits in two counties, either one works, and 59-2203 adds that proceedings first legally commenced extend to all of the decedent's property in the state. Where two counties are opened, everything but the first is stayed until venue is settled, and the file is then transmitted to the proper county.

Can a will already probated in another state pass Kansas land?

Yes, after it is admitted in Kansas. K.S.A. 59-616 is unqualified: no will passes real or personal property unless it has been duly admitted to probate. K.S.A. 59-2229 supplies the route. An authenticated copy of the will and of its probate is presented with a petition, and the court fixes a hearing with notice as it directs. K.S.A. 59-2230(a) then admits the will with the same force and effect as an original probate if it was executed according to the law of the place where it was made, or where the testator resided at execution or at death, or in conformity with Kansas law. K.S.A. 59-806(a)(1) adds that authenticated copies may be admitted to probate and record in the district court of any county where part of the property sits, and that on admission the court decides whether administration in Kansas is necessary at all.

Is there a deadline to probate a nonresident's will in Kansas?

The six-month deadline most Kansas pages describe does not reach a nonresident testator. K.S.A. 59-617 bars a late will only for a testator who died while a resident of Kansas, and K.S.A. 59-618, the withholding section, is worded the same way. What does run against an out-of-state family is a title cutoff. K.S.A. 59-803 protects a good-faith purchaser without knowledge of a will who bought from the heirs of a person not domiciled in Kansas, unless a petition to probate that will is filed in Kansas within six months of the death. K.S.A. 59-2229 carries the same six-month protection for a buyer who took from the fiduciary, heirs, devisees or legatees. Delay does not void the will. It can cost you the parcel.

Whose intestacy law decides who inherits Kansas land?

Kansas law for the land, and the home state's law for the money. K.S.A. 59-806(b) says real estate in Kansas owned by an intestate decedent who was a nonresident at death passes by intestate succession in the same manner as though the decedent had been a Kansas resident. The same subsection sends the personal property of that decedent to the intestate law of the place of residence at death. One death can split into two different tables of heirs, and that split is the reason the two files can reach different answers about the same family. For a testate nonresident, 59-806(b) allows the Kansas real property to be devised and the personal property bequeathed if the will was duly executed under the law of Kansas, of the state where it was executed, or of the testator's residence.

Does an out-of-state executor need a Kansas agent?

Yes, and the rule changed in 2026. K.S.A. 59-1706 requires every nonresident appointed as a fiduciary in Kansas, before entering upon the duties of the trust, to appoint in writing an agent for service, with the agent's correct address and a written acceptance, filed in the district court where the appointment is made. Until April 2026 that agent had to reside in the county where the appointment was made. 2026 Kan. Sess. Laws ch. 89, section 1, approved April 9, 2026 and published in the Kansas Register April 23, 2026, struck that phrase and now requires only an agent residing in this state. The Kansas Office of Revisor of Statutes has not yet republished 59-1706 with the change, so its posted text still shows the county rule.

Can the Kansas small estates affidavit be used for an out-of-state decedent?

No. K.S.A. 59-1507b opens with the words when a resident of the state dies, so the affidavit is closed to a nonresident decedent no matter how small the Kansas holding is. It also moves only personal property, which leaves out the farmland and mineral interests that bring most out-of-state families to Kansas in the first place. The alternatives that do reach a nonresident are the ordinary petition, a determination of descent under K.S.A. 59-2250 once the death is more than six months old, and a discretionary refusal of letters under K.S.A. 59-2287 where the real and personal estate does not exceed $75,000, the K.S.A. 59-403 allowances do not apply or are waived, and the petitioner posts a bond of not less than the value of the estate.

Sources:

It is not legal advice.

Information current as of September 8, 2026

Settled Estate is not a law firm, and this content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Probate laws and procedures in Kansas can change. Consult with a qualified attorney for advice specific to your situation. Full disclaimer.